If there’s one thing generally agreed about the Tax Cut and Jobs Act, it’s that the legislation engendered great expectations.
The TCJA sharply reduced the U.S. corporate tax rate, sped depreciation deductions, and greatly lowered the cost of repatriating vast undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. President Trump, envisioning increased capital investment and a resultant boosts in jobs for Americans, said the law would provide “rocket fuel” for the U.S. economy.
Has the legislation actually proved a spur to capital investment? New research to be presented at the August annual meeting of the American Accounting Association presents evidence that among the key group of companies that faced high repatriation costs pre-TCJA, the bill has indeed had that effect.
But there’s a catch: the capital investment boost has been significantly greater abroad than at home, which the researchers call “an unintended consequence and contrary to the Congressional intent of the TCJA.”
Comparing corporate capital spending of 1,804 public companies in the three quarters prior to TCJA (Jan.-Sept. 2017) to spending in the three quarters following its passage (Jan.-Sept. 2018), the research finds some increase among multinationals (firms with at least one subsidiary abroad) but a slight decline among domestic-only companies.
Specifically, the researchers found an increase in capital investment of about 14% among companies that would have faced high repatriation costs under prior regulations (and so had a strong incentive previously to keep their foreign subsidiaries’ profits abroad).
Such investment was flat among companies that would previously have faced no repatriation costs (perhaps because their foreign subsidiaries were in high-tax countries).
“Firms with repatriation costs in the top quartile increased their capital expenditures from 0.86% of assets to 0.98% of assets,” reported the study’s authors (Brooke Beyer of Kansas State University, Jimmy Downes of University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Mollie Mathis of Auburn University, and Eric Rapley of Colorado State University).
In contrast, “firms with zero repatriation costs kept their capital expenditures at 0.98% of assets.”
That contrast may evoke nods from the reform bill’s proponents, who anticipated that freeing up massive cash troves held abroad by U.S. firms would spur capital investment. What may not be pleasing is where the greatest boost in investment has occurred.
As the professors report, “Firms with high repatriation costs have a significantly greater increase in foreign property, plant, and equipment (PPE) investments post-TCJA than pre-TCJA.”
And, “these same firms … have no change in domestic PPE. Our results are consistent with foreign capital expenditures rather than domestic capital expenditures influencing the increase in investment post-TCJA, which is opposite of Congressional intent.”
Thus, among firms that formerly would have faced the highest repatriation costs (the top decile in this regard), domestic PPE as a percentage of company assets increased by about 50% more post-TCJA (i.e., from 2017 to 2018) than it did pre-TCJA (from 2015 to 2016).
In contrast, the companies’ foreign PPE increased by almost 300% more post-TCJA than it did pre-TCJA.
In further analysis that controlled for an array of factors that affect PPE investment (such as sales growth, prior capital spending, and acquisition activity), the professors found the effect of TCJA on the increase of PPE abroad to be statistically significant, while its effect on domestic PPE increase was not.
The Culprits
What accounts for this unintended consequence? The professors point at two complicated tax-affecting creations of the law: GILTI (Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income) and FDII (Foreign-Derived Intangible Income).
Their findings suggest, they wrote, that “multinational firms were less enabled by the reduction in [repatriation costs] to increase domestic investment than they are incentivized to increase foreign investment to take advantage of [these two] tax incentives.”
Why, then, were GILTI and FDII included in the law? In all likelihood it’s because they were viewed as inhibiting a growing practice of U.S. multinationals that’s of concern to policymakers.
Namely, multinationals had been shifting their ownership of highly profitable intangible assets, like patents, trademarks, and other kinds of intellectual property, to subsidiaries in low-tax countries — and doing so with minimal tangible assets in those places.
For example, at a Senate hearing in 2012 that attracted a fair amount of attention, it was revealed that Microsoft transferred important intellectual property to three subsidiaries in low-tax jurisdictions — Singapore, Ireland, and Puerto Rico — with an average tax rate of 4%.
Although among them the three subsidiaries accounted for 55% of the parent company’s income before taxes, only about 2% of Microsoft’s 90,000 employees were located there.
While the new tax bill’s reduction of the corporate levy, from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat 21% rate, might be expected to lower the incentive to shift intangible assets abroad, another feature of the act could be anticipated to increase that incentive — namely, exempting the income of foreign subsidiaries from federal taxation.
Where formerly that income escaped federal taxation as long as it was kept abroad but not when repatriated, now those taxes can not only be delayed but avoided entirely for qualifying firms.
That being the case, what is there to prevent U.S. multinationals from being even more likely than before to shift intellectual property to subsidiaries abroad?
Thus GILTI and FDII.
The creation of a category of corporate profits, GILTI, enabled the federal government to tax intangible income earned by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. multinationals.
GILTI is taxed at only about half the rate imposed on domestic earnings. But because of the way it’s calculated, the provision might be expected to inhibit facile shifts of intellectual property (such as the kind that were attributed to Microsoft in the Senate hearing referenced above).
Intangible income is defined by TCJA as any income exceeding 10% of subsidiaries’ tangible property in a country or jurisdiction. Therefore, the lower the value of those tangible assets, the greater will be the income subject to U.S. taxation; and the greater those assets, the less income will be in the reach of the IRS.
In some circumstances, that may discourage shifting intellectual property abroad. But it also could motivate firms to make foreign capital investments as a way of reducing GILTI — which, the new research suggests, is what has been happening to a considerably greater extent than probably was anticipated.
The category Foreign Derived Intangible Income (FDII) was created to motivate U.S. firms to export products and services to foreign markets while maintaining ownership of intellectual property at home. TCJA grants a tax deduction for 37.5% of income from foreign sales deriving from domestic investment in homegrown ideas.
While hardly definitive, the researchers’ analysis of FDII’s effect in one hypothetical case raises the possibility that it may make little difference in companies’ U.S. tax liabilities.