VideoA plane crashes in the desert and six survivors are left to choose what items to salvage. Should they take a gun? Salt tablets? Heavy overcoats? How about a cosmetics mirror? With 15 possibilities and limited time to make their choices, the group must quickly prioritize.
You might think that a high degree of initial consensus about what to take would indicate the survivors chose the "correct" items, the ones experts deemed would best help them stay alive. After all, five out of six people aren't likely to be wrong, right? As it turns out, an experiment that presented the above scenario to business-school students revealed that groups with more initial dissent were more likely to pick the right items, ultimately choosing wisely almost twice as often as the other groups. In teams where there was little disagreement, says Richard Larrick, a professor at Duke University's Fuqua School of Business who ran the experiment with Ph.D. candidate Al Mannes, "no one asked, 'Where might we be wrong?'"
This experiment is part of a growing body of research on groupthink. First analyzed by Yale psychologist Irving Janis in 1972, groupthink is hardly a new problem. Yet it continues to sway all sorts of important decisions. Groupthink has been blamed for any number of recent fiascoes, from the Columbia space-shuttle disaster to the implosion of Enron to the prolonged war in Iraq. Corporate boards and committees are said to be particularly vulnerable to the phenomenon. In a 2003 working paper, law professors Stephen J. Choi and Adam C. Pritchard posited that the Securities and Exchange Commission may itself be prone to groupthink, given its strong organizational culture and the presumed self-selection of like-minded regulators.
While averaging individually generated answers may produce astonishingly accurate answers, strange things start to happen when you put a handful of otherwise intelligent people in a room together. One, for example, is "the fear that everyone else knows more, so I'll just go along," says Larrick. "Another is the fear that the boss has already really decided, so why bother to stick my neck out?"
But groups can be more intelligent than individuals working alone, say professors who study them, if groupthink (a form of "process loss" in academese) can be avoided. To that end, "group processes have to be actively and repeatedly managed," says John W. Payne, a professor at Fuqua. "You've got to make sure that people with unique information share it, or else you're likely to focus only on what is held in common."
Encouraging Dissent
Managing a group for optimal performance begins by gathering people with diverse perspectives. A bigger group is not necessarily better. "You're better off with a smaller group representing diverse viewpoints than a larger group that is similar," says Payne.
Then, to get the appropriate amount of dissent, "people have to feel psychologically safe to make mistakes and say stupid things," says Paul Paulus, a professor at the University of Texas at Arlington who has studied group interactions for almost 20 years. That means coming up with a process to allow all voices to be heard and perhaps appointing a devil's advocate to make sure all possibilities are considered. It's also important for the leader of the group to appear genuinely impartial, to avoid influencing would-be sycophants.
Alkermes CFO Jim Frates puts a lot of stock in the power of the group, particularly when it comes to choosing a vendor or making hiring decisions for the $240 million drug-development firm based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. To avoid groupthink, though, he is careful to keep his own opinion close to the vest, and tries to open up discussions by taking the opposite view of whatever idea prevails in a meeting. "I like to support an idea that isn't getting much airtime," he says. "That way, anyone who is quiet [but supports it] can get on board and defend it." He also likes to ask: "What happens if we're wrong in this assumption? Will we still be OK?"
Frates believes that his method recently helped Alkermes avoid a potential hiring mistake. After he and four of his colleagues separately interviewed a candidate for a senior finance position, Frates says his colleagues were gung-ho about extending an offer. But using his typical process, Frates asked for some negatives as well as positives. "As we went around the room, it evolved that what we really wanted was someone with a little more management capability," he says. That led them to turn down the interviewee. "It was another three months before we found somebody, but that turned out to be the right decision," says Frates.
Better Brainstorming
Maximizing group performance from creative tasks, such as brainstorming, takes slightly different skills than guiding a group decision. "We find that groups tend to shut themselves down after about 15 or 20 minutes, long before they hit their potential," says Paulus. His research shows that brainstorming groups typically generate only half as many ideas — and half as many good ideas — as do the same number of individuals working alone.
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